Quaternary Journal of Iran

Abstract Introduction
Rivers are one of the most important water resources and it is very important to study their water quality. Therefore, in this study, sampling was done from 15 permanent waterway stations of Pirbadush and Gashun of Qolyan River in Lorestan province, which are located in the path of oil shales.
 
Materials and Methods
 Hydro-geochemical parameters were calculated by analyzing the samples in the laboratory. Then compared with drinking water quality assessment standards in the region and Hydro-geochemical diagrams were also drawn.
Discussion and Results: Qolyan River water contains a lot of calcium carbonate and only sample P3 has more magnesium carbonate that it is unsuitable for drinking due to its high calcium content, but it is suitable based on other parameters.
 
Results
According to Schoeller quality classification, Gashun samples are of lower quality than Pirbadush and by the standards, most samples are within the allowable-favorable range and water of G6, G7, P5 stations have lower quality than other stations. According to the WHO table, the water of the Qolyan River is relatively light in terms of TH and total dissolved solids (TDS) and relatively light in terms of Electrical conductivity (Ec). Based on hydro-chemical tests and data analysis and hardness estimation and comparison with the national standard of Iran and the standard of the World Health Organization, the results of water classification of the samples are as follows: According to the World Health Organization's calcium ion (Ca^{2 +}) content, water samples from G7 and P5 stations are impermissible and based on the total hardness of the Iranian national standard, the water samples of stations P1 and P3 are in the favorable level.
According to hydro-geochemical diagrams, the water quality of Pirbadush waterway is better than Gashun. According to the Piper diagram, In Gashun samples, the tendency of the samples towards magnesium and sulfatation is more than the samples of Pirbadush region. According to the Durov diagram, most of the water samples taken from Gashun and Pirbadush waterways are calcium carbonate (Ca-CO₃) and calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO₃). According to Schoeller diagram, the amount of tumble in the samples of Gashun waterway is more than Pirbadush waterway. According to the ion equilibrium diagram, the amplitude of change of anions and cations in Gashun waterway is more than Pirbadush. According to Stiff diagram, the different origins of the samples indicate the existence of several bedrock sources for the samples, and according to the Gibbs diagram, bedrock and weathering and dissolution are the main factors controlling the water chemistry of the region.
By examining the water quality of Qolyan River in Pirbadush and Gashun waterways with any human activity that it is in the path of oil shales, the results were obtained which are:
-The highest amount of cations and carbonate anion (CO₃^2-), is in G7 station and the highest amount of nitrate anion (NO₃^-), are in G6 and P7 stations.
-The highest water total hardness (TH) is related to stations G7, G6, P5 and the lowest is related to stations P3, P1, G1.
-The highest total dissolved solids (TDS) in water is related to stations G6, G5,  G7 and the lowest amount is related to P1, P4, P3.
- The presence of higher amount of calcium carbonate (Ca-HCO₃) in Gashun waterway than Pirbadush indicates a higher degree of solubility of calc than dolomite in this section.
- High sulfate content in Gashun waterway (especially G1 station) can be related with further dissolution of anhydrites in the Gotnia Formation.
-Anion and cation equilibrium also shows that ionic equilibrium is present only at stations G3, G5, P6. However, at stations P1 and P3, there is a high degree of ionic imbalance between anions and cations.
 
Conclusion
 In this area, the type of rock units and even the presence of oil shales have not had a detrimental effect on the quality of drinking water.

Abstract Qeshm Island, with an area of ​​1,486 square kilometers, is located at the southeastern end of the Zagros Belt and at the western end of the Strait of Hormuz. Since the tectonic era, it seems possible to assess the influence of neotectonics and fault dynamics on island morpho-tectonic deformation using basin tectonic indicators. In this research, five indicators are extracted and calculated using satellite images, geological maps, aerial photographs, and a digital elevation model (30 meters) using various software. The smoothness and asymmetry of waterways (AF), watershed shape index (BS), cross-topographic symmetry index (T), river meandering index (S) and their comprehensive evaluation are evaluated in model form (IAT)). It is an index to evaluate the degree of tectonic deformation in the basin, and the obtained results indicate the relative dynamics of various tectonic deformations on the island. Furthermore, based on the IAT index, 26 of the 44 subbasins belong to a very high tectonic layer, consistent with the number of faults, so more active tectonic deformation is observed in the western part of the island.

Abstract Introduction
Qaleh Kurd cave is located in the village of the same name in the vicinity of Hesar Valiasr village, Avaj city, Qazvin province. This cave is located on the route between Zagros and Iranian Central Plateau and along one of the proposed corridors of scattered human groups in the Iranian Plateau (Vahdati Nasab et al., 2013; Dennell, 2020; Shoaee et al., 2021). The first archaeological study in the cave was conducted in 2013, in which a small surface collection of 35 stone tools on the surface was studied and attributed to the Middle Paleolithic era (Soleimani and Ali Beigi, 2018).
With the initial investigation of the walls of the pits caused by unauthorized excavations and the presence of cultural materials and animal remains in the cave, the first idea about the possibility of exploring this area was formed. The first examination in Qaleh Kurd cave was conducted in 2017 by some of the authors (HVN & GB). Consequently, the joint Iran-France mission under the supervision of (Vahdati Nasab, Berillon and Hashemi) conducted three archaeological field mission in there (2018, 2019, 2022). It is worth mentioning that here we only present data collected during the first two seasons.
Some of the major goals of conducting field missions in Qaleh Kurd are: Investigating the Paleolithic deposits, how the site was formed, comparing lithic industries with other Middle Paleolithic sites of Iran, reconstructing the diet of cave dwellers and trying to obtain human remains. The purpose of this article is to describe the techno-typological aspects of lithic collections recovered from 2018 and 2019 missions and to compare it with the lithic industries of Zagros, and the sites from the Iranian Central Plateau.
Materials and Method
The stratigraphy of the trench 1 wall indicates the existence of two distinct sequences, Holocene and Pleistocene, and the identification of 25 stratigraphic units (1 to 9 related to the Holocene and 10 to 25 related to the Pleistocene). The preliminary results of dating samples taken from 30 cm from the beginning of the Pleistocene layer in Trench 1 indicate an age beyond the range of carbon-14 dating (43,500 years ago). Therefore, in the continuation of the research, the ESR method was used for the dating of cultural materials (especially animal teeth). It is worth mentioning that at the time of writing this article, the above-mentioned chronology is being finalized and the preliminary results indicate an age of more than 300.000 BP for the Pleistocene deposits, which will soon be published in separate research.
The subject of the present research includes the stone artifacts obtained from the exploration of the first and second seasons. In total, 1257 stone artifacts were obtained from excavations in trenches 1 and 3. In this study, the data obtained from Trench 1, the largest explored trench, is presented. The excavation dimensions in trench 1 were 1.2966 square meters in the first season and 6.195 square meters in the second season.
Quantitative characteristics, typological information and technology of tools have been recorded and studied. In a general classification, stone artifacts include tools, debitage, core and core fragments, and debris. According to the stratigraphic information of trench 1, the Pleistocene sequence of Qaleh Kurd is divided into fifteen sedimentological units and five successive archaeological subdivisions. The division of archaeological periods is based on sedimentological studies, changes in the density of stone artifacts and animal remains, and data distribution in depth.
The first period or the late period (QK 1) starts from about -50 to -80 cm (Z) of trench 1 and includes sedimentological units 12 and 11. Unit 11 in the eastern wall of Trench 1 consists of gravelly sand silt with pebbles and flat unlayered gravels with charcoal remains. Unit 12 also includes sandy silt with a number of calcite gravels, a matrix with low compression and more compactness. QK 2, or the middle period, starts from the depth of -80 and continues to the depth of -105. This course is in line with unit 13. This unit in the south wall of Trench 1 has a light brown color and debris pieces and quiet dynamics. Unit 13 on the eastern wall of Trench 1 has sand-silt with many pebbles and flat calcite debris. QK 3 starts from the depth of -105 and continues to the depth of -130. This course includes units 14, 15 and 16. Unit 14 in the south wall of Trench 1 consists of clayey silt with gravel and is brown in color. Unit 15 includes organic silt and unit 16 includes silt (clay). In Unit 16, we see gravel, calcite nodules and ancient soil. On the eastern wall of Trench 1, silt with gravel in unit 14 and silt with organic clay in units 15 and 16 are evident.
The raw materials of Qaleh Kurd stone artifacts are diverse, including limestone rich in silica, jasper, chert group, volcanic stones such as basalt, a limited number of marbles, radiolarite, clay and quartzite. The most used raw materials in all the phases of Qaleh Kurd are siliceous stones rich in lime, so that in the first period 22.5%, in the second period 20.5% and in the third period 32.1% of artifacts are built on limestone.
 
Conclusions
In Qaleh Kurd lithic complex, the cores are very limited and it seems that the initial steps of chipping were done outside the area. A variety of raw materials have been used in this collection, and the three aforementioned Qaleh Kurd periods show different abundances in the use of raw materials. In this area, sidescrapers are the most abundant type of tools, after that we are faced with a significant abundance of points and convergent scrapers. The studies conducted on the quantitative characteristics, typological and technological indicators of the stone artifacts showed that in terms of dimensions and quantitative characteristics, the lithics of the first, second and third periods of the cave demonstrate no difference, but the dimensions of the blades are somewhat different from each other. The comparison of the abundance of raw materials, extractions, platform typologies, and Levallois technique between the periods shows the difference of the third period from other periods to some extent. In this period, we see a high accumulation of lithics compared to other periods, this can be due to the intensity of settlement in this period of the site.
The results of the comparison of Qaleh Kurd stone artifacts with other Middle Paleolithic sites show that Qaleh Kurd cave in the extent of using the Levallois technique, the abundance of scrapers, especially sidescrapers, the abundance of points, especially the Mousterian points, the faint presence of notch/denticulates and, the intensity of retouching and the abundance of flaked base debitages show a closer proximity to the Zagros sites.

Abstract The environment has had a significant impact on prehistoric human life, he chose the right place to live according to the potential of the environment. Humans were not yet aware of the technological advances for serious environmental change, and one of the most important reasons for choosing a habitat was access to fresh water. This important factor for selection, in some cases, led to dissolution. Consecutive droughts have led to habitat abandonment and settlement collapse, and in other cases, some settlements have been completely abandoned or have a cultural break due to changes in river direction and floods. Qala-bon area is one of the areas that has been culturally interrupted due to flood sediments. A culture with a thickness of about one meter was identified, which indicates a break in this area...

Abstract Vegetation is very sensitive to climate change and is an important factor for identifying the changes of climate and environment. In 12000 to 6000 years ago there was extreme climatic conditions in the southwest Asia with hotter and longer summers than the current conditions. As a result of such climatic conditions, many shallow lakes and seasonal rivers have been disappeared and vegetation altered. Plants that were more adapted to environmental conditions and dry seasons like annual plants includes (peas, lentils, wheat ) by the  changes in legume and shape of the grain, completed their annual life cycle. Studies have shown that the climate has changed between cold and dry conditions during glacial and hot and humid periods in interglacial in north and west of Iran. The lake sediments and paleo sol layers in loess deposits indicate there was an increase humidity during period between the last interglacial and pre end glacial period (Kehl, 2009). The Palynological results of paleo ecological sites in west of Iran have shown that there were steppes of Artemisia and chenopodiaceaes in glacial periods that represent cold and dry climate in this region. About 6500 years ago, Zagros oak forests have replaced by pistachio-oak vegetation. Studies in parts of Iran such as Zaribar Lake, Urmia Lake, Mirabad Lake and comparison with the Van Lake in Turkey showed that they have almost the same vegetation changes. In all of these studies, the end of the Yongerdryas and the beginning of the Holocene by a sudden increasing in chenopodiaceae vegetation (which represents cold and dry weather) and gramineaes ( which represents warm and dry weather) are characterized (Davoodi et al,2014). Generally, the global climate cycles and events in different parts of the Iran are rarely studied and our understanding of paleo climate and paleo ecological conditions is very insignificant. Pollen data from lakes or tree rings data have the potential for identify the paleoecology conditions in Iran.
Result and Discussion:
Climate and vegetation changes in Iran in Holocene:
Palynological studies in Komishan wetland (located on the southeastern part of Caspian Sea) has provided significant results about vegetation changes and sea level fluctuations. Delay in forest growth at beginning of the Holocene, which is in areas of eastern Turkey, there was also on the plateau of Iran and the south of the Caspian sea and in the northeastern slopes of the Alborz mountain (Gomishan). Pollynological studies and radiocarbon dating in Neur lake showed about 12800 years ago, in the late glacial ratio of trees pollens has been negligible,in the transition to the early Holocene pollens of trees and shrub vegetation such as Ephedra gradually increased. During Younger Deryas in Neur,the grasslands replaced with trees.In early Holocene at 9800 years ago Artemisia increased in Neur because it seems that there was a more milder phase in the north of Iran.  An increase in Oak and herbaceous palnts pollens such as artemisia showed that between 8000 and 9000 years ago there was wet phase in the  Neur basin. The presence of  high  amounts Alnus  pollen in the north of Iran  has shown that there were humid climate in the northern parts of Iran at 3000 years ago. Evidences suggests that highest levels of Caspian sea occurred between 1900 and 2100 years ago.

vegetation and climate in Holocene in the west of Iran

In the west of Iran during the 40000 to 20000 years ago, there was scattered vegetation (shrubs and trees). In late Pleistocene (22000 to 14000 years ago) there was arid and semi arid steppes in this region. In interglacial period in Holocene (10000-6000 years ago) precipitation increased Gramineae replaced with chenopodiaceae and Almond and Pistacia atlantica grew up such a change in vegetation indicates an increase in precipitation.In the Zagros mountain 7000 years ago Pistachio trees have existed which represent dry climate in early Holocene in this area. In mid Holocene moisture increased and vegetation was changed to Oak-Pistachio forests.In the early Holocene in western regions of Iran winter rainfall has increased and have been dry conditions in summers,In 6000 years ago in mid Holocene there was warm and humid climate in this region and Oak forests expanded. In the west of Iran, Almond and pistachio forests were more than Oaks, it indicated that humidity in spring and summer was more than other seasons in early Holocene. 
In the Last glacial  Period The Ephedraceae shrub steppes has been developed(Djamali et ak,2008).In middle of the last glacial period the water level of Lake Urmia increased, In transition between last glacial to Holocene in the west of Iran, dominant plants were ephedraceae,pistachio,Oak, Juniperus excels and Betula alba.Untill 9000 years ago dominant plants in Urmia basin was Artemisia steppes,In this basin, forests has been developed between 8000-9000 years ago.The results of Studies showed that Pollens in the west of Iran decreased in 2500 to 1500 years ago and replaced with Artemisia pollens (Talebi et al,2015). In Late Holocene Pollens such as Oak pollens has icreased (1600-1200 years ago) and there was a humid climate in the west of Iran.Also the level of Urmia lake was higher than present and the water salinity was lower.Presence of Reilla spores and low magnetic sensivity and calcium carbonate values confirmed this fact. in 1200 to 900 years ago water level in  Urmia lake decreased,  on the edges of lake ,Halophytes increased. The semi desert steppe developed in area. Pollen of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, Senecio vulgaris, chamomile and  Acantholimon has increased that indicate the dry and cold climate. At 650 to 450 years ago lavel of lake increased. Pollens of Juniperus represents a cold and dry climate in this region.
In the late Pleistocene and Younger Deryas period, the south Zagros had a Cold climate with steppe vegetation(Davoodi et al,2014). Davoodi et al(2014) concluded that bigining of Holocene in Parishan lake was about 10200 years ago and lasted to 8170 years ago. In this period Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae have decreased and Geraminea have increased. So we can concluded that the humidity in spring and Summer have increased but it was not enough to grow Oak trees, of course Almond and Pistachio trees grew well. Precipitation required for the growth of almond and pistachio forests is about 300 mm but for Oak forest it is 500 mm.Evidences indicated that climate in early Holocene in the southern Zagros Mountains was dry and hot. In 8170 to 7570 years ago Gramineae vegetation decreased    around Parishan Lake and cold resistant plants such as Cousinia, Umbelliferae and Cichorioideae plants has increased (والتر،1971). In this period dry climate has dominated and summer precipitation has decreased. In 7570 to 5600 yaers ago Oak forests expanded also Almond trees and Asparagus trees increased around the southern Zagros.in this period humid climate has dominated.  In western and southern parts of Iran, In 5600 to 2700 years ago Climate was warm and humid.
North west-West of Iran
The vegetation and climate of southern and southeast of Iran  in Holocene:
Distribution of grain size,petrographic characteristics and sedimentary cores chemical measurements show that:

There was a  full of water lake in Sistan basin, in the late glacial to Early Holocene. MLW(Mid Latitude Westerly currents) and ISM (Indian Monsoons) precipitations has fed the area.
In Early Holocene to Mid Holocene  ITCZ  moved to  the south so ISM weakened, as a result, dry periods started in Sistan basin. High pressure gradient between Sistan depression and Hindu Kush Mountains caused severe and persistent dust storms.
In mid Holocene to late Holocene hydroclimate regime in Sistan basin has controlled by MLW precipitations. The frequent fluctuations iin the water level of Lake Hamoon represent the unsustainable climate  in early Holocene to mid Holocene.
There are not enough information about pollens in the south-southeast of Iran and we can only reconstruct vegetation 1900 years ago. Results show that 910 years ago in this region plains turned into deserts.
Climatic anomalies in Medieval in 1145-910 years ago xerophytes grew in south and southeast of Iran. Impagidinium paradoxum in gulf of Oman Indicated the absence of ocean water drainage.

 By using pollen data and sedimental cores Miller et al (2016) reconstructed vegetation in south of Iran and reconstructed vegetation areas:
The overall dominance of Poaceae, at the expense of Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae and the decrease in clay abundance throughout the LIA suggests a shift from desert to grassland vegetation, implying wetter conditions during the LIA in S Iran. Modern ecoregions within close proximity to the coring locality where grass is a dominant component of the vegetation composition include the Zagros Mountain Forest Steppe and the Baluchistan Xeric Woodlands, where annual precipitation exceeds more than 150 mm per year, Additionally, the abundance of I. paradoxum and Dubridinium sp. is low suggesting an increased amount of freshwater discharge into the ocean. The high abundance of S. ramosus a species particularly observed where the upper water salinity conditions are reduced permanently, again suggests more freshwater discharge into the ocean near the coring vicinity. The low pollen to dinocyst (PD) ratio values during the LIA indicates more marine organic flux, likely due to increased nutrient supply promoting an increase in dinocyst populations. A decrease in Betula and a slight increase in Amaranthaceae abundance are evidenced during the last c. 100 years, which may
 
Conclusion:
Climatological and vegetative evidences suggests that cold periods in Iran have been accompanied with increase in air aridity. Probably in cold and dry periods Siberian anticyclone was strengthened and led to weakening and southward shift of monsoons. Perhaps at that time cyclones of westerlies were also weakened. In northern Iran prevailing winds were from north or northeast, have originated from central Asian deserts. Evidence of these winds are Quraqom desert sand dunes and the spatial distribution of loess deposition in Kopet Dag and north of Iran. During the glacial periods direction of prevailing winds have been northwest to northeast for tropical currents (Kehl, 2009). In the Quaternary period in Iran climate has changed several times, glacial periods has dry and cold climate than now, also many of studies concentrates on west and north parts of Iran and there is no enough data and information for the east and central parts

Abstract Introduction
One of the tools for identifying landforms is the use of morphotectonic indicators, the use of these indicators is useful for studying areas that have experienced rapid uplift or tectonic transformation. Longitudinal profile of the river is one of the basic components in the river system and as a key topographical index it shows useful information of lithological, tectonic and erosion changes. The river system is a complex reaction process system in which various variables can play a role in its control, and any change in one of these variables causes the complexity of changes and adjustments in the river system. In geomorphological studies, the longitudinal profile of a river is used as a measure to detect tectonic uplift and changes in rock units, the longitudinal profile of rivers that are in equilibrium is concave, but various factors, including structural factors, change the longitudinal profile of the river . Abnormality in the longitudinal profile of the river, if it is caused by tectonic factors or lithological changes, can cause sudden changes in the slope and is associated with the creation of a kinck point, which can be seen as a waterfall and a rapid. Alborz is located on the southern margin of the Caspian and in the north of Iran. Considering that there are important rivers in the target area that reflect the tectonic conditions of the area and so far the mentioned methods have not been used for this study, the purpose of this study is to investigate the longitudinal profile of the river using MATLAB and GIS software in the area in order to Determining the level of tectonic activity of the main faults in the region.
Methodology
In this study, using Arc GIS software and a digital elevation model of 30 meters using the Strahler method, watersheds were divided and extracted. Then, by using topographic maps on a scale of 1:25000 and geological maps on a scale of 1:100000 and aerial photos on a scale of 1:20000 and through the Arc GIS software, different application layers including waterways, basins, faults, lithology and lines height, was prepared and finally, in order to carry out the present research in the area of Western Alborz and Azerbaijan, the studied area was divided into 50 basins and the value of the normal slope index was calculated for all parts of the main and secondary waterways and divided into 5 categories, then with Drawing the longitudinal profile of the longest river of each basin in MATLAB software, the numerical value of this index and the concavity index were calculated separately for each basin. Also, the Knickpoint extraction of a fault was carried out due to the sudden changes in the slope of the river in collision with the main faults, in order to investigate the tectonic activity of the region. Finally, the geological units and main structures of the region were examined and analyzed with the results of the longitudinal profile of the river and field observations.
Results and Discussion
The results of a quantitative study of changes in the longitudinal profile of the river and Knickpoint extraction in 50 drainage basins indicate high tectonic activity in the studied area, especially in Sangavard faults, other faults in the south, southeast and southwest of the region. . The index of normal slope (Ksn) and concavity () which was calculated using the longitudinal profile and in MATLAB software; This means that the high values of these indicators show good coordination with the known faults of the region, including the Firouzabad-Majder fault in the studied area. Sangavard fault, based on the numbers obtained from the normal slope index (Ksn) and concavity (), is the most influential fault in increasing the amount of these indicators in the studied area.
In this research, Knickpoint zones were extracted using a new method and their relationship with the structures of the region was studied. Knickpoints are widely spread in the studied area. The correspondence of sharp and steep knickpoints near the base of the mountain with active faults in the area shows that most of them were created by tectonic activity. The effect of lithological features on the frequency and size of knickpoints can be seen in some places, but they play a secondary role after tectonic activity. In this method of extracting fault lines, the location of fault lines corresponding to Sangavard faults, Kiwi fault, Sheikh-Janlu fault, Qalban-Qiyeh fault and faults located in the south, southeast and southwest of the studied area overlap. They are significant with the index of normal slope and concavity. The conformity of the location of Knickpoints in the field observations with the results of softening also confirms the accuracy of the methods used.
The correspondence of the location of Knickpoints in the field observations with Knickpoints extracted by the method mentioned in the previous sections shows the accuracy of the method used. The tectonic evidences obtained from field observations also prove the recent tectonic activity of structures and faults in the region. The existence of landforms such as high alluvial , the creation of triangular facets, the tilting of layers, the creation of narrow valleys, and the existence of V-shaped valleys are in addition to the results of the morphometric indices. Geostructural evidences such as faulting and folding in Neogene and Quaternary units, displacement of Neogene units due to the activity of the aforementioned faults, thrusting of old units on young units, is a strong proof of the high activity of the structures related to the faults in the case.
Conclusion
High tectonic activity in the study area, especially in Sangavard, Niki, Andalibi, Sheikh Janlu, and Qalpan Qepeh faults and other southern faults of the region using quantitative analysis of the river profile and extraction of Knickpoint in MATLAB software and high agreement of the results of quantitative profile studies River with field evidence and seismic history as an acceptable method to identify areas with high tectonic quality.

Abstract Gastropoda and Bivalvia as Mollusks are invertebrates which have a layer made of calcium carbonate for protecting their soft bodies known as shell. One layer is added to the shell in each stage of growth, like annual rings in a tree. These circles are formed dark or light as well as strong and weak layers. Researchers are trying to find out reasons and conditions of improvement and acceleration or stopple of growth. This field of science known as sclerochronology, can be used to analyze the growth bands of shells. Materials for producing the shell have been absorbed from environment. Therefore, information of environmental and growth conditions have been saved on these layers.The information is resulted from the data in the shells through sclerochronological studies. Therefore, sclerochronological methods are one of the best scientific methods with high accuracy that allows the study of animal growth conditions as well as environmental and climatic changes. These studies as one of sclerochronological methods are known as sclerochemistry. In the last few decades, sclerochronological methods have been considered by researchers in other fields, including paleontologists and archaeologists, in addition to biologists. Contrary to its importance and precision for study of environmental conditions and climatic variation in the past, it is unknown to many researchers. On the other hand, even after the 1940s and the invention of the term sclerochronology, many researchers who had previously used this method to evaluate their hypotheses, especially in oceanography and marine biology, to determine age, growth pattern, and aquatic conditions, have not used the term sclerochronology in their reports. This is the most important reason why sclerochronology remains unknown among researchers. In addition, in sclerochronology we encounter different species of organisms. It makes challenging differences in the study process of growth pattern or sampling for isotopic analysis and access to environmental information. Also, some Species that can be examined are not suitable for answering all the questions. Although, this capability may be lost in some approved species over time and therefore they are no longer suitable for analysis.There are even species that only certain parts of them can be examined. Some cases have made it difficult for new researchers to study related methods, and have limited their studies. This article tries to characterize an important part of these problems by reviewing the background and literature of sclerochronology and sclerochemical methods for reconstruction climatic conditions through library studies.